Log In
San Ardo Road Race • Aug 20 2016 • San Ardo, CA
Is there a Strava segment for this course? Paste the url here:
Categories
Race Pictures
Know where to find pictures from this race? Share the love by adding a Photo Url:
Note: sharing private Facebook albums is not exactly "da love." Remember to make it public!
 
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Niklas Barreto SunPower Racing
2 Peter Aster
3 Daniel Cobley Michelob Ultra - La Grange +21
4 Matt Carvell SunPower Racing Teammate Win: Niklas Barreto
5 Micah Lerner LOW//Factory Racing
6 Eric Welsh SunPower Racing Teammate Win: Niklas Barreto
7 Peter Epsteen Serious Cycling
8 Dennis Kwon TRU Cycling - JAX Bicycle Racing
9 Simon Tuttle Bloc Racing
10 Richie Vos SunPower Racing Teammate Win: Niklas Barreto
11 Wesley Miyamura RIO STRADA RACING
12 Matt Brantveyn Team Fremont/FFBC
13 Neil Leonard Dolce Vita Freewheel
14 Ashton Lyle Tieni Duro Junior Cycling
15 Andrew Roths SunPower Racing Teammate Win: Niklas Barreto
16 David Steinhafel Big Orange
17 Christopher Craig
18 Megan Ruble Funsport Bikes Cycling Team
19 Tory Culutt
20 Magnus Gille SunPower Racing Teammate Win: Niklas Barreto
21 Colin Patterson Foothill Cyclery
22 Michael Kurnik TMB Development p/b Equator
23 Alex Barnes Big Orange Cycling
24 Armando Fuentes
25 Austin Miller Sun Power Racing Teammate Win: Niklas Barreto
25 Austin Miller Sun Power Racing Teammate Win: Niklas Barreto
26 Jose Rivas
DNF Kyle Engen ArtsCyclery.com/Schnur Racing
DNF Bright Jerry chipongo Team Mike's Bikes p/b Equator Coffe
DNF Amin Tamariz SunPower Racing Teammate Win: Niklas Barreto
DNF Bernhard Stonas Team Fremont
DNF Kyle Engen ArtsCyclery.com/Schnur Racing
DNF Bright Jerry chipongo Team Mike's Bikes p/b Equator Coffe
DNF Amin Tamariz SunPower Racing Teammate Win: Niklas Barreto
DNF Bernhard Stonas Team Fremont
Finishers: Cat 2: 1   Cat 3: 31   Cat 4: 2   Cat ?: 1  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Gary Warner OTR Racing
2 Julien Schaller SunPower Racing
3 Frank Wyer
4 Matthew Hepworth SunPower Racing
5 Shane Mcguire��� SunPower Racing
6 Jonathan Schmidt Team Velosport Junior & U23 Develop
7 Daniel Karpelevitch Team Fremont/FFBC
8 Marco Lei TMB Development p/b Equator
9 Shiva Sharma SJBC
10 Spencer Fields Placerville Bike Shop Racing
11 Nicholas Seaton Placerville Bike Shop Racing
12 Samuel Sweetland Fig Mtn Brew Racing
13 Mark Farias TEAMTR8R
DNF Peadar O'mochain Team Mikes Bikes p/b Equator Coffee
DNF Michael Wu
DNF Brendon Bolin Simple Green
DNF Trevor King Team city racing
Finishers: Cat 4: 16   Cat ?: 1  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Blake Christianson Ventura Vetsurge Velo/monster media
2 Jay Wright
3 Robert Harris Milk Prospectors
4 Jeffrey Muir
5 Jason Alexander Core Techs Cycling
6 Brandon Poser Big Orange Cycling
7 Caleb Sponholtz Shriners Hospital for Children
8 Spencer Sterling
Finishers: Cat 3: 1   Cat 5: 7  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Chris Coble Olympic Club
2 Randy Bramblett CoreTechs Elite
3 Sergei Badeka CoreTechs Elite
4 Chris Sontag SJBC
5 Anton Vynogradenko SJBC
6 Aaron Mcdevitt SJBC
DNF Alexander Yermolovich SJBC Teammate Top 5: Chris Sontag
DNF Tomas Mundarain Cycles Veloce/ Team Simple Green/Ca
DNF Chris Levins SJBC Teammate Top 5: Chris Sontag
Finishers: Cat 1: 2   Cat 2: 2   Cat 3: 5  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Shai Simchi
2 Carl Parker
3 Seth Huggins
4 Michael Baumgartner
5 David Nicholas
6 Michael Riyanto
7 Mike Hatton
8 Philip Barros
9 Raz Alon
10 Gerrit Pock
11 Shai Traister
DNF Richard Gabel Off The Front Racing Team
Finishers: Cat 4: 6   Cat 5: 6  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Marco Arocha Breakaway From Cancer Elite/Rock N
2 David Christenson Herbalife p/b Marc Pro - Nature's B
3 Matthew Wikstrom Santa Monica BMW Helen's Cycles Rac
4 Aaron Patterson Peet's Coffee Racing
5 Robert Amatelli Team Mike's Bikes p/b Equator Coffe
6 Chris Cain Don Chapin Monterey Bay Racing Team
7 Todd Markelz SquadraSF p/b Terun
8 Josh Rennie Herbalife p/b Marc Pro - Nature's B Teammate Top 5: David Christenson
9 Stefano Profumo LangeTwins Winery Racing Team
10 Joseph Booth Fulton Racing
11 Steven Jones Don Chapin Monterey Bay Racing Team
12 Kalani Hines Herbalife p/b Marc Pro - Nature's B Teammate Top 5: David Christenson
DNF Jason Francia Team Simple Green/Cannondale/Stage2
DNF Don Chapin Don Chapin Monterey Bay Racing Team
DNF Jason Siegle Santa Monica BMW Helen's Cycles Rac Teammate Top 5: Matthew Wikstrom
DNF Sean Henderson LangeTwins Winery Racing Team
DNF Brian Padgett
Finishers: Cat 1: 3   Cat 2: 8   Cat 3: 5   Cat 4: 1  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Scott Cox Team Mike's Bikes p/b Equator Coffe
2 Jonathan Baker Chico Masters Cycling Team
3 Jonathan Eropkin Peet's Coffee Racing
4 Brian Zimny Peet's Coffee Racing
5 Erik Camacho SJBC
6 Menko Johnson Pen Velo Racing/Summit Bicycles
7 Norman Zellers LangeTwins Winery Racing Team
8 Dave Keefe SunPower Racing
9 Jeff Garcia CVC Racing
10 Giles Douglas SJBC Teammate Top 5: Erik Camacho
11 Graham Simpson Don Chapin Monterey Bay Racing Team
12 Joseph Sullivan SJBC Teammate Top 5: Erik Camacho
13 William Ho SunPower Racing
14 Paul Berger form+data/Mercedes Benz of Modesto
DNF Mark Howard SunPower Racing
Finishers: Cat 1: 5   Cat 2: 4   Cat 3: 6  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 John Hawkins Christian Cycling/Hammer Nutrition
2 Ken Shimojima SunPower Racing
3 Jorge Pont SunPower Racing
4 Rusty Stapp
5 Luis Jevons ZOCA p/b Halo Sports
6 Lanier Benkard Pen Velo Racing/Summit Bicycles
7 Steve D'alencon��� Pen Velo Racing/Summit Bicycles
8 Mark Massey Pen Velo Racing/Summit Bicycles
9 Jason Oxford Off The Front
10 Oto Slavos SunPower Racing Teammate Top 5: Ken Shimojima
11 Mike Mccray VBZ Cycling
12 Val Encomio Fun Sport Bikes Cycling Team
13 Shawn Varner International Christian Cycling Clu
14 Roupen Nahabedian Pen Velo Racing/Summit Bicycles
15 Scott Hayes Pen Velo Racing/Summit Bicycles
16 Patrick Peters Body Concepts
17 Keith Morris SunPower Racing Teammate Top 5: Ken Shimojima
18 Gregory Hunter
19 Matt Conidaris Body Concepts
20 Rockland Draper Team Endurance360
21 Tom Kopshever
22 Geoff Landon Kovarus - Wells Fargo Racing
23 Lance Burger Fulton Racing
DNF Paul Pacheco CA Technologies Racing
DNF Kevin Lewis
DNF John Vargas Metal Mountain
DNF Brian Schmidt
DNF Michael Wilkins Funsport Bikes Cycling Team
Finishers: Cat 2: 1   Cat 4: 25   Cat 5: 2  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 John Schiefer CoreTechs Cycling TwT
2 David Holland Big Orange Cycling
3 Nick Theobald Peet's Coffee Racing
4 Mike Castaldo Chico Masters Cycling Team
5 Phil Tercero SJBC
6 Gus Platis Rio Strada Racing
7 Dean Laberge Peet's Coffee Racing Teammate Top 5: Nick Theobald
8 Dan Martin Peet's Coffee Racing Teammate Top 5: Nick Theobald
9 Scott Fonseca Audi Reno-Tahoe Cycling
10 Dennis Hopp SJBC Teammate Top 5: Phil Tercero
11 Kyle Glerum Peet's Coffee Racing Teammate Top 5: Nick Theobald
12 David Albrecht Chico Masters Cycling Team Teammate Top 5: Mike Castaldo
13 Darest Johnson
14 Joseph Staron Sierra Nevada/Reliable
15 Thomas Dillon Pen Velo Racing/Summit Bicycles
16 Rey Surla Team Fremont/FFBC
17 Shon Grabbe CoreTechs Cycling Team
18 Andrew Heinemann AUDI RENO-TAHOE
19 Richard Reinhardt Folsom Bike/Trek/Raley's
20 Thuy Nguyen SunPower Racing
21 Jeff Eisenberg Team STAND/City Cycle
22 Chad Rosser SJBC Teammate Top 5: Phil Tercero
23 Carl Hekkert Morgan Stanley Cycling Team
24 Eduardo Flores VBZ Cycling Team
24 Eduardo Flores VBZ Cycling Team
25 John Fairbanks Rio Strada Racing
26 Jeff Spaulding SRAM Factory
27 Benjamin Cota Funsport Bikes Cycling Team
28 Jason Cruser R4R-Make A Wish
29 Daryl Hemenway CoreTechs TWT
30 Jeffrey Galland CHICO MASTERS CYCLING TEAM Teammate Top 5: Mike Castaldo
31 Michael Penta Big orange Teammate Top 5: David Holland
32 John Olsen ArtsCyclery.com/Schnur Racing
DNF Chris Calluhon
DNF Nathaniel Mckitterick Pen Velo Racing/Summit Bicycles
DNF Scott Torrence BIG ORANGE Teammate Top 5: David Holland
DNF Chris Ott Peet's Coffee Racing Teammate Top 5: Nick Theobald
DNF Hussein Saffouri LangeTwins Winery Racing Team
Finishers: Cat 1: 5   Cat 2: 16   Cat 3: 15   Cat ?: 2  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Robert Pasco SAFEWAY Cycling
2 Jerome Nadel R4R - Make A Wish
3 Steve Heaton CoreTechs Cycling Team - TwT
4 Nabil Samaan
5 Jason Hannon Fig Mtn Brew Racing (FMBR)
6 Richard Del valle Funsport Bikes Cycling Team
7 David Avila Safeway Racing
8 Andrew Adelman CoreTechs Cycling -TwT
9 John Hancock Sierra Nevada/Reliable Racing
10 Andrew Nevitt CoreTechs Cycling Team - TwT Teammate Top 5: Steve Heaton
11 Tom Lyons ThirstyBear p/b Akamai
12 Scott Derdenger Divine Electric Nor Cal
13 Darryl Smith R4R-Make A Wish Teammate Top 5: Jerome Nadel
14 Michael O'rourke Peet's Coffee Racing
15 Mark johnson Suffolk-sunpower racing CoreTechs Cycling - TwT
16 Craig Roemer Team Specialized/Touchstone Racing
17 Holger Steinbach ThirstyBear p/b Akamai
18 Philip Malaspina SJBC
19 Philip Vrieling Funsport Bikes Cycling Team
20 Richard Nichols Kovarus/Wells Fargo Racing Team
21 James Pappe Cannondale Capo p/b GQ-6 Masters Te
22 Alan Takahashi
23 Todd Munk SJBC
24 Jeffrey Kato CBRE Racing
25 Clint Gaver Morgan Stanley/Specialized
26 Christopher Kemp Rio Strada Racing
27 Robert Doudell SJBC
28 Carlos Casillas Davis Bike Club Race Team
29 James Ruffin Funsport Bikes Cycling Team
DNF Rann Valdez R4R- Make a Wish Teammate Top 5: Jerome Nadel
DNF Ronald Reade Peet's Coffee Racing
DNF Charles Pockell-wilson Morgan Stanley Cycling Team
DNF Robert White Bicycle Blue Book Racing
DNF Marvin Hall G3 foundation/Trek
DNF Ken Calender Don Chapin/Monterey Bay Race Team
DNF Lance Newey Sierra Nevada/Reliable Racing
DNF Rick Lawton Kovarus/Wells Fargo Racing Team
Finishers: Cat 1: 4   Cat 2: 22   Cat 3: 11  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Steven Strickler G3 foundation / Trek
2 Dan Shore Hammer/53x11
3 Shin Umeda SunPower Racing
4 Lawrence Nolan Team Specialized Racing Masters
5 Erik Salander Pen Velo Racing/Summit Bicycles
6 Brian Mcandrews ThirstyBear p/b Akamai
7 Quentin Sims Fig Mtn Brew Racing
8 Rob Maheu SJBC
9 Scott Hollander Off The Front
10 Dean Abt Team Oakland Cycling
11 Hunter Ziesing Hammer Nutrition/53x11
12 Leslie Oglesby Don Chapin Monterey Bay Racing Team
13 Tracy Muegge Sierra Nevada/Reliable Racing
14 Stanley Terusaki Morgan Stanley Cycling Team
15 Thomas Coulter Morgan Stanley / Specialized Cyclin
16 William Dunham Alto Velo Teammate Top 5: Shin Umeda
17 Glen Kinion CBRE Racing
18 Jon Ornstil Hammer Nutrition/53x11
19 Butch Jackson Sierra Nevada/Reliable Racing
20 Douglas Gonda 3Ft - It's The Law
21 Pete Schoenenberger Funsport Bikes Cycling Team
22 George Miranda Sun Power Racing Teammate Top 5: Shin Umeda
23 Craig Lindberg SHO-AIR/SERT
24 B Thomas rice CoreTechs Cycling Team - TwT
25 David Corthell Audi Reno-Tahoe Cycling
26 Roderick Gilchrist SJBC
27 Rusk Whipps SERT-Ol Republic
28 Jim Sullivan Davis Bike Club
29 Kurt Bringolf Kovarus/Wells Fargo
DNF Chris Crescioli
DNF Norbert Kappel SJBC
DNF Garry Birch Team Fremont/FFBC
DNF Peter Allen Sierra Nevade/Reliable Racing
DNF Eugene Bernosky San Jose Bike Club
DNF Kurt Bickel 3 Feet It's the Law
Finishers: Cat 1: 2   Cat 2: 14   Cat 3: 13   Cat 4: 6  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Steven Archer Morgan Stanley /Specialized
2 Tim Davis SJBC
3 Mark Perry Victory Velo Racing
4 Fred Hoblit Jet Lagged Hi-Tech Ridley
5 Paul Gossi Audi Reno-Tahoe
6 Chris Cerruti Cal Giant Cycling specialized
7 John Gerling Funsport Bikes Cycling Team
8 James Langley Spokesman Bicycles
9 John Berg Kovarus/Wells Fargo Racing Team
10 David Ledig Hawaii Cycling Club
11 Robert Montague Spokesman Bicycles
12 Michael Deusebio Morgan Stanley
13 Randy Floyd Body Concepts
14 Gregg Marioni
15 Alvin Carpenter Davis Bike Club Race Team
16 Fred Garcy Unattached
DNF Michael Andalora Spokesman
DNF Greg Bollella SunPower Racing / Alto Velo Racing
DNF Robert Parker SunPower Racing
Finishers: Cat 2: 8   Cat 3: 6   Cat 4: 5  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Josef Lemire ThirstyBear p/b Akamai
2 Don Grijalva SJBC
3 Lawrence Brooks SLO Nexus Cycling Club
4 Ernest Gallardo sr
Finishers: Cat 2: 2   Cat 4: 2  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Michael Freeman Team Hammer Nutrition
2 Richard Shields Team Hammer Nutrition Teammate Win: Michael Freeman
3 Jon Boas CA Technologies Racing
Finishers: Cat 3: 2   Cat 4: 1  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Cory Lockwood KHS-Maxxis-JLVelo
2 Jeffrey Buscheck Davis Bike Club Elite Team
3 David Priest Fig Mtn Brew Racing
4 Darin Morgan CoreTechs Elite
5 John Janneck TRU/TRACE3 Racing pb Fullerton Bike
6 Robert Schell CoreTechs Elite
7 Ryan Oakes AMain Cycling Team
8 Kirk Nordgren Fig Mtn Brew Racing Teammate Top 5: David Priest
9 Timmy Bauer Sierra Nevada/Reliable Racing
10 Anthony Ferretti AMain Cycling Team
11 Nick Baird CoreTechs Elite Teammate Top 5: Darin Morgan
12 David Bangor Monster Media/Spy Racing p/b Fight
13 Robert Lander AMain Cycling Team
14 Dedrick Kon Bike Effect
15 John Echeveste Fig Mtn Brew Racing Teammate Top 5: David Priest
DNF Thomas Adamson TRU/TRACE3 Racing pb Fullerton Bike Teammate Top 5: John Janneck
DNF Jason Gandzjuk Echelon - Storck Development Team
DNF Timothy Lang LOW//Factory Racing
DNF Christopher Beall LOW//Factory Racing
DNF Nicholas Reed Chico Corsa
DNF Jeffrey Stern Fig Mtn Brew Racing Teammate Top 5: David Priest
Finishers: Cat 1: 8   Cat 2: 13  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Rachel Valliere
2 Johanna Fogolin SJBC
3 April Willoughby JLVelo Cycling Team p/b The Freewhe
4 Diana Hellman SJBC
5 Lindsay Howard SunPower Racing
DNF Amee Devani
DNF Serenity Marshall JLVelo Cycling Team p/b The Freewhe Teammate Top 5: April Willoughby
Finishers: Cat 4: 7  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Christina Bonnington JLVelo Cycling Team p/b The Freewhe
2 Sandra Freeman JLVelo Cycling Team p/b The Freewhe Teammate Win: Christina Bonnington
3 Pamela Levine SJBC
Finishers: Cat 2: 1   Cat 3: 2  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Heather Mcdonald JLVelo Cycling Team p/b The Freewhe
2 Emily Matheu JLVelo Cycling Team p/b The Freewhe Teammate Win: Heather Mcdonald
3 Sumer Avila Los Gatos Bicyle Racing Club
Finishers: Cat 1: 1   Cat 2: 1   Cat 3: 1  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Ginger Kroft SJBC
2 Jennifer Kalich Los Gatos
Finishers: Cat 2: 1   Cat 3: 1  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Rachelle Ortega JL Velo Cycling p/b The FreeWheel
2 Gale De rosa JLVelo Cycling Team p/b The Freewhe Teammate Win: Rachelle Ortega
3 Angie Platis Rio Strada Racing
Finishers: Cat 3: 1   Cat 4: 1   Cat ?: 1  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Elena Joroski SJBC
2 Andi Smith SJBC Teammate Win: Elena Joroski
3 Christina Davis SJBC Teammate Win: Elena Joroski
4 Beverly Chaney SJBC Teammate Win: Elena Joroski
DNF Jane Despas
Finishers: Cat 1: 1   Cat 2: 2   Cat 3: 1   Cat 4: 1  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Sheri Baldwin
2 Camille Deluca-flaherty SJBC
3 Elizabeth Benishin CA Technologies Racing
4 Ann Stuart JLVelo Cycling Team p/b The Freewhe
5 Yvonne Walbroehl Pen Velo Racing/Summit Bicycles
6 Michelle Nightengale CA Technologies Racing
7 Heidi Alexander SJBC Teammate Top 5: Camille Deluca-flaherty
8 Cecily Majerus Penvello
Finishers: Cat 2: 2   Cat 3: 5   Cat 4: 1  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Lesley Jensen Revolution Racing Team LLC
2 Lanett Draper Team Endurance360
3 Sara Stearns Pen Velo Racing/Summit Bicycles
Finishers: Cat 3: 2   Cat 4: 1  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Pl First NameLast NameTeamTime
1 Narda Roushdi Berkeley Bicycle Club
2 Norma Hilton Pen Velo Racing/Summit Bicycles
Finishers: Cat 3: 2  
By Age: All | U20 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60+ | Custom
By Category: All | Custom
Finishers: Cat 1: 2   Cat 3: 3   Cat 4: 1